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The nervous systems of onychophorans, in contrast, were studied mainly at the end of the nineteenth (e.g. For most major arthropod groups, in-depth investigations in recent times have led to a clear picture of the anatomical and functional organisation of their nervous systems. Studies of the nervous system are often conducted to gain insights into evolutionary events.
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Given their key phylogenetic position as one of the closest relatives to arthropods (sometimes referred to as Euarthropoda sensu Lankester discussed in Ortega-Hernández ), and their conserved morphology, onychophorans are widely regarded as indispensable for understanding the evolution of panarthropod organ systems (e.g. Velvet worms are believed to have remained largely unchanged and inhabited terrestrial environments for over 300 million years.
Carl zeiss jena microscope serial numbers dates fruit plus#
Onychophorans (velvet worms) constitute together with tardigrades (water bears) and arthropods (chelicerates, myriapods, crustaceans and hexapods) the Panarthropoda, with onychophorans being sister to either arthropods or arthropods plus tardigrades ( see for review of ecdysozoan relationships and additional phylogenetic hypotheses). We expect that our data will improve the reproducibility and comparability of future neuroanatomical studies. We imaged the velvet worm nervous system at an unprecedented level of detail and compiled a comprehensive glossary of known and previously uncharacterised neuroanatomical structures to provide an in-depth characterisation of the onychophoran brain architecture. In contrast to previous reports, we found no evidence for second-order visual neuropils, or a frontal ganglion in the velvet worm brain. Their antennal nerve cords and olfactory lobes most likely evolved independently. Our findings support homology of mushroom bodies and central bodies in onychophorans and arthropods. In addition, we report novel cerebral structures, provide novel details on previously known brain areas, and characterise further structures and neuropils in order to improve the reproducibility of neuroanatomical observations. Here, we use this detailed information to generate a consistent glossary for neuroanatomical studies of Onychophora. To clarify the origins and homology of cerebral structures across panarthropods, we analysed the brain architecture in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli by combining X-ray micro-computed tomography, histology, immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and three-dimensional reconstruction. However, while numerous recent studies have clarified the organisation of many arthropod nervous systems, a detailed investigation of the onychophoran brain with current state-of-the-art approaches is lacking, and further inconsistencies in nomenclature and interpretation hamper its understanding. As one of the closest relatives of arthropods, onychophorans are regarded as indispensable for a broad understanding of the evolution of panarthropod organ systems, including the brain, whose anatomical and functional organisation is often used to gain insights into evolutionary relations. This illustrates the extraordinary regard in which the foreman was held in the company, even though much of the workforce considered his managerial style to be short-tempered and authoritarian.The evolution of the brain and its major neuropils in Panarthropoda (comprising Arthropoda, Tardigrada and Onychophora) remains enigmatic.
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Moritz von Rohr reports on how Löber received a share of the profits later on in his career and became a wealthy man. What we can say for certain is that, over 44 years, Löber was promoted from apprentice to foreman, eventually ending up as the head of production and the company's most valuable instructor and trainer. There is no record of whether this influenced Zeiss’s decision to employ him, or indeed whether anybody else even applied for the job in the small town of Jena. The son of a craftsman, Löber was already 17 and therefore theoretically too old to apply, but the death of his father in January 1847 had left him in a position of genuine hardship. Fortunately for Zeiss, this single advertisement proved to be sufficient to attract someone who would go on to play a key role in the company’s success: August Löber (1830–1912).
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